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Writing Center

Guidelines for Common Writing Assignments:

Introduction, Body, and Conclusion

 

Introduction

 

The introduction is the broad beginning of the paper that answers three important questions:

 

1: What is this?

2: Why am I reading it?

3: What do you want me to do?

 

You should answer these questions by doing the following:

 

  1. Set the context – provide general information about the main idea, explaining the situation so the reader can make sense of the topic and the claims you make and support
  2. State why the main idea is important – tell the reader why he or she should care and keep reading. Your goal is to create a compelling, clear, and convincing essay people will want to read and act upon
  3. State your thesis/claim – compose a sentence or two stating the position you will support with logos (sound reasoning: induction, deduction), pathos (balanced emotional appeal), and ethos (author credibility).

 

For exploratory essays, your primary research question would replace your thesis statement so that the audience understands why you began your inquiry. 

 

An overview of the types of sources you explored might follow your research question.

 

If your argument paper is long, you may want to forecast how you will support your thesis by outlining the structure of your paper, the sources you will consider, and the opposition to your position. 

 

You can forecast your paper in many different ways depending on the type of paper you are writing. 

 

Your forecast could read something like this:

 

"First, I will define key terms for my argument, and then I will provide some background of the situation. Next, I will outline the important positions of the argument and explain why I support one of these positions. Lastly, I will consider opposing positions and discuss why these positions are outdated. I will conclude with some ideas for taking action and possible directions for future research."

 

 

When writing a research paper, you may need to use a more formal, less personal tone. Your forecast might read like this:

 

"This paper begins by providing key terms for the argument before providing background of the situation. Next, important positions are outlined and supported. To provide a more thorough explanation of these important positions, opposing positions are discussed. The paper concludes with some ideas for taking action and possible directions for future research."

 

Ask your instructor about what tone you should use when providing a forecast for your paper.

 

These are very general examples, but by adding some details on your specific topic, a forecast will effectively outline the structure of your paper so your readers can more easily follow your ideas.

 

THESIS CHECKLIST

 

Your thesis is more than a general statement about your main idea. It needs to establish a clear position you will support with balanced proofs (logos, pathos, ethos). Use the checklist below to help you create a thesis.

 

This section is adapted from Writing with a Thesis: A Rhetoric Reader by David Skwire and Sarah Skwire:

 

Make sure you avoid the following when creating your thesis:

 

  • A thesis is not a title: Homes and schools (title) vs. Parents ought to participate more in the education of their children (good thesis).
  • A thesis is not an announcement of the subject: My subject is the incompetence of the Supreme Court vs. The Supreme Court made a mistake when it ruled in favor of George W. Bush in the 2000 election.
  • A thesis is not a statement of absolute fact: Jane Austen is the author of Pride and Prejudice.
  • A thesis is not the whole essay: A thesis is your main idea/claim/refutation/problem-solution expressed in a single sentence or a combination of sentences.
  • Please note that according to the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, Seventh Edition, "A thesis statement is a single sentence that formulates both your topic and your point of view" (Gibaldi 42). However, if your paper is more complex and requires a thesis statement, your thesis may require a combination of sentences.

 

Make sure you follow these guidelines when creating your thesis:

 

A good thesis is unified:

 

    • WORSE: Detective stories are not a high form of literature, but people have always been fascinated by them, and many fine writers have experimented with them

 

The above thesis is clunky, compare it to the thesis below:

 

    • BETTER: Detective stories appeal to the basic human desire for thrills (concise).

 

A good thesis is specific:

 

    • WORSE: James Joyces Ulysses is very good. 
    • BETTER: James Joyces Ulysses helped create a new way for writers to deal with the unconscious.

 

  • Try to be as specific as possible (without providing too much detail) when creating your thesis:

 

    • WORSE: James Joyces Ulysses helped create a new way for writers to deal with the unconscious. vs.
    • BETTER: James Joyces Ulysses helped create a new way for writers to deal with the unconscious by utilizing the findings of Freudian psychology and introducing the techniques of literary stream-of-consciousness.

 

Quick Checklist:

 

_____ The thesis/claim follows the guidelines outlined above

 

_____ The thesis/claim matches the requirements and goals of the assignment

 

_____ The thesis/claim is clear and easily recognizable

 

_____ The thesis/claim seems supportable by good reasoning/data, emotional appeal

 

Body Paragraphs

 

Body paragraphs: Moving from general to specific information

 

Your paper should be organized in a manner that moves from general to specific information. Every time you begin a new subject, think of an inverted pyramid - The broadest range of information sits at the top, and as the paragraph or paper progresses, the author becomes more and more focused on the argument ending with specific, detailed evidence supporting a claim. Lastly, the author explains how and why the information she has just provided connects to and supports her thesis (a brief wrap-up or warrant).

 

Moving from General to Specific Information

 

THE FOUR ELEMENTS OF A GOOD PARAGRAPH (TTEB)

 

A good paragraph should contain at least the following four elements: Transition, Topic sentence, specific Evidence and analysis, and a Brief wrap-up sentence (also known as a warrant) –TTEB!

 

  1. Transition sentence leading in from a previous paragraph to assure smooth reading. This acts as a hand-off from one idea to the next.
  2. Topic sentence that tells the reader what you will be discussing in the paragraph.
  3. Specific Evidence and analysis that supports one of your claims and that provides a deeper level of detail than your topic sentence.
  4. Brief wrap-up sentence that tells the reader how and why this information supports the papers thesis. The brief wrap-up is also known as the warrant. The warrant is important to your argument because it connects your reasoning and support to your thesis, and it shows that the information in the paragraph is related to your thesis and helps defend it.

 

SUPPORTING EVIDENCE (INDUCTION AND DEDUCTION)

 

INDUCTION

 

Induction is the type of reasoning that moves from specific facts to a general conclusion. When you use induction in your paper, you will state your thesis (which is actually the conclusion you have come to after looking at all the facts) and then support your thesis with the facts. The following is an example of induction taken from Dorothy U. SeylerUnderstanding Argument:

 

Facts:

 

There is the dead body of Smith. Smith was shot in his bedroom between the hours of 11:00 p.m. and 2:00 a.m., according to the coroner. Smith was shot with a .32 caliber pistol. The pistol left in the bedroom contains Joness fingerprints. Jones was seen, by a neighbor, entering the Smith home at around 11:00 p.m. the night of Smiths death. A coworker heard Smith and Jones arguing in Smiths office the morning of the day Smith died.

 

Conclusion: Jones killed Smith.

 

Here, then, is the example in bullet form:

 

  • Conclusion: Jones killed Smith
  • Support: Smith was shot by Jonesgun, Jones was seen entering the scene of the crime, Jones and Smith argued earlier in the day Smith died.
  • Assumption: The facts are representative, not isolated incidents, and thus reveal a trend, justifying the conclusion drawn.

 

DEDUCTION

 

When you use deduction in an argument, you begin with general premises and move to a specific conclusion. There is a precise pattern you must use when you reason deductively. This pattern is called syllogistic reasoning (the syllogism). Syllogistic reasoning (deduction) is organized in three steps:

 

  1. Major premise
  2. Minor premise
  3. Conclusion

 

In order for the syllogism (deduction) to work, you must accept that the relationship of the two premises lead, logically, to the conclusion. Here is an example of deduction or syllogistic reasoning:

 

Socrates

 

  1. Major premise: All men are mortal.
  2. Minor premise: Socrates is a man.
  3. Conclusion: Socrates is mortal.

 

 

So in order for deduction to work in the example involving Socrates, you must agree that (1) all men are mortal (they all die); and (2) Socrates is a man. If you disagree with either of these premises, the conclusion is invalid.

 

The following is a clear example of deduction gone awry:

 

  1. Major premise: All dogs make good pets.
  2. Minor premise: Doogle is a dog.
  3. Conclusion: Doogle will make a good pet.

 

If you dont agree that all dogs make good pets, then the conclusion that Doogle will make a good pet is invalid.

 

 

 

Conclusions

 

Conclusions wrap up what you have been discussing in your paper. After moving from general to specific information in the introduction and body paragraphs, your conclusion should begin pulling back into more general information that restates the main points of your argument. Conclusions may also call for action or overview future possible research. 

 

The following outline may help you conclude your paper:

 

In a general way,

 

  • Restate your topic and why it is important,
  • Restate your thesis/claim,
  • Address opposing viewpoints and explain why readers should align with your position,
  • Call for action or overview future research possibilities.

 

Remember that once you accomplish these tasks, unless otherwise directed by your instructor, you are finished. Done. Complete. Don't try to bring in new points or end with a whiz bang(!) conclusion or try to solve world hunger in the final sentence of your conclusion. Simplicity is best for a clear, convincing message.

 

The preacher's maxim is one of the most effective formulas to follow for argument papers:

 

  1. Tell what you're going to tell them (introduction).
  2. Tell them (body).
  3. Tell them what you told them (conclusion).